Get the week's best marketing content. Ahrefs is a powerful SEO tool that offers a wide range of tools, including keyword research, site audits, content explorer, site explorer, etc. The higher a website’s Domain Rating (DR), the stronger and more authoritative it is. Just this month, we uploaded a whopping 7. You will notice a great boost in Ahrefs Rank, UR, Referring domains, and Total Backlinks [FREE OF COST]. UR or URL rating is a metric used to determine the strength of a specific page’s backlink profile. It also gives keyword difficulty (as is, the competitiveness to rank) and search volume estimates. Content Explorer is like a mini search Ahrefs Here are three major improvements that our customers will benefit from. Here are more features that make Ahrefs’ Backlink Checker special: See followed and nofollowed links — The more quality followed backlinks a site has, the more trustworthy it is in the eyes of Google. The chart below is a quick reference to describe what each issue is in the Ahrefs Site Audit and provide a possible solution for it. Traffic value history chart shows you the history of your target website's or URL's traffic value, plotted on a graph. , Domain Rating). Head of Content @ Ahrefs (or, in plain English, I'm the guy responsible for ensuring that every blog post we publish is EPIC). In essence, the higher those metrics are, the closer to #1 they are. It offers a suite of features that are designed to help users analyze their site’s rankings, find out what keywords they rank for, identify broken links and crawl errors, track competitors’ backlinks and more. 它的免费功能包括：. DR is a measure of the quantity and quality of the backlinks going to an entire domain, while UR rates the backlinks going to a specific page. Get feedback and edit your content. Get the list of keywords that a target website or URL ranks for in search. We use it for everything SEO-related. Premium: I'll increase Ahrefs UR 80+. Ahrefs will start tracking data and will send you regular updates. Linked Domains has it's own report in Site Explorer, under the Outgoing Links section. See examples of UR used in a sentence. Content editing and enhancement. Here’s an example:2️⃣ Ahrefs and Google update notes Ahrefs and Google update notes are now available too. Ahrefs collects, processes, and stores large amounts of data for search marketing professionals. Not necessariy the top spot in Google search. Erfahre, wie viel Such-Traffic deine. Dengan fitur ini, kamu bisa dengan mudah memantau performa situs dan mengatur strategi berikutnya. It represents the strength of the website’s backlink profile on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 100, with the latter being the strongest. Kamu bisa memilih ingin mendapatkan laporan harian, mingguan, atau bulanan. Ahrefs Metrics are crucial in assessing and optimizing websites for improved search engine rankings. It is a website backlinks profile analyzing metric developed by Ahrefs that determines the quality of a website’s backlinks profile. The source domain splits its rating equally amongst the domains it. Ahrefs’ primary keyword research tool is called Keyword Explorer. A URL Slug is the part of the URL that follows the slash (“/”) after the domain name or subfolder. Chỉ số UR, DR trên AhrefsFor only $150, Xheikhsohaib78 will increase url rating ahrefs ur upto 70, increase ahrefs domain rating DR 70 plus. Therefore, benchmarking UR can help you. It does this by calculating a Keyword Difficulty score from 1 to 100, with 100 being the hardest. Good URL slugs are usually in an easy-to-read format which helps the readers and search engines better understand the content on the page. Some of the most popular ways to use Ahrefs include tasks like checking backlinks, conducting. txt file. Ahrefs offers live links, index, and high-speed index updates, which Ahrefs considers to be the best. Link Building: find the strongest backlink opportunities in a niche. Metrics such as Ahrefs Rank (AR), Domain Rating (DR), and URL Rating (UR) help gauge the strength and. 0. Ahrefsのエンタープライズプランは、チーム全体にお気に入りのSEOツールを提供し、APIとLooker Studioでレポーティングがより簡単にできるため、私たちにとって画期的なものでした。. Make your best guess (and test it) Use Twitter’s advanced search. It stands for URL Rating and is an essential component of Ahrefs'. UR yang ada pada Ahrefs menggunakan prinsip dasar serupa page rank. Panduan Ahrefs ini dapat membantu Anda yang ingin mempelajari fitur-fitur ahrefs secara lebih lengkap untuk menganalisa performa SEO website. The more and higher-quality. Learn how to elevate your website's authority, improve rankings, and drive organic traffic. We might be able to find the reason there. com. Duplicate content. Joined Dec 4, 2011 Messages 856 Reaction score 367. First, sign up for a free account, then create a new presentation, select infographic, and use the “Blank” template. It will show whether each final redirected URL contains a link back to your site. All issues are sorted by importance, with straightforward advice on how to fix each one. As with the old toolbar, we still show the following metrics for pages and domains: Ahrefs Rank (AR); Ahrefs Domain Rating (DR); Crawl priority: in general, the more “popular” a site is (ie. UR in Ahrefs is a proprietary metric developed by Ahrefs, a popular SEO tool and analytics platform. DR, on the other hand, stands for Domain Rating, which measures the overall authority of an entire domain. 0 🔥 Our popular UR metric is back! In 2. By inputting a paragraph into the tool, users can receive a rewritten version that offers improved clarity, structure, and overall quality. Most people love to make. ahrefs. My inner pages hold my higher UR. Domain Rating is widely used in the SEO community to evaluate link-building opportunities and estimate the website’s authority gained via backlinks. DR is a proportion of the amount and nature of the backlinks going to the whole area, while UR rates the backlinks going to a particular page. HOW OUR DOMAIN TOOL WORKS. Nah, fitur “Rank Tracker” di Ahrefs adalah tool yang memperlihatkan ranking situs baik dari desktop maupun mobile di lokasi pilihan. Once analyzed, you will be able to see a number of SEO metrics like organic traffic, number of referring domains, backlinks, etc. A 301 redirect indicates the permanent moving of a web page from one location to another. As you can see above, the UR for this page is nonexistent. Backlinks . This metric shows how Ahrefs feels the webpage’s backlink profile stacks up against others in its database. is a software company that develops online SEO tools and free educational materials for marketing professionals. Top Keyword: Only Ahrefs displays this. It is already the biggest database on the web, and it’s growing steadily. DR & UR only measure the overall quality and quantity of incoming backlinks. Open the process in the presenter view. The Ahrefs overview displays the performance of any domain, URL, subdomain or subfolder in organic and paid search, as well as high-level SEO and backlink…Checking Traffic value history. Just input or import a list of keywords, add multiple countries per keyword and tell us your competitors’ URLs. Love using Ahrefs!1. UR có độ chính xác cao hơn so với DR bởi UR là chỉ số đánh giá của một URL. The idea would be for your website’s DR to increase over time as an indication that the strength of your backlink profile is improving. Competitor Analysis: The ability to analyze competitors strategies in depth is a game. Overview of Issues in the Ahrefs Site Audit. domains):You have two options here. That’s how we come to our total domain count of ~175 million. Rank Tracker – Our most popular solution for. URL parameters and hash parameters are not parts of the URL slug. Link Building: find the strongest backlink opportunities in a niche. Increased UR is one of the key factors affecting the search engine result pages' performance/ratings. It will show whether each final redirected URL contains a link back to your site. While Ahrefs can (slowly and painfully) gather keyword ranking data from external domains, Moz can’t do it at all. The Ahrefs Backlink Checker database comprises 212 billion pages, making it the largest backlink database. What you will get: ️ Ahrefs DR. ベンチマーキングで競合に対抗しましょう. Referring Domains. 2. 13 Chỉ số và thuật ngữ trong Ahrefs. If you need to export the list of issues, not just. e. 200k+ SEO professionals across the world use it in their daily work. Run a giveaway. Just go to any of this web services and try to find by tool names: ahrefs, moz, majestic, serpstat and “report”. I can increase your website's Moz DA50+, PA30+, Ahrefs DR50+, URL80+, Majestic TF 30+, and CF 20+. While these measurements are helpful, recollect that sites don’t rank exclusively due to. 6. UR. The lower the better. Ahrefs shows you the complete picture of followed vs nofollowed links for any target. Ahrefs' keyword database has 19. If you look into its history, you will find that it was a link building tool way back in 2012. In this Project, I will increase the URL rating Ahrefs UR to 80 plus with the help of high authority backlinks. New project setup is easy. Keep running through the process above to continually increase your website authority and improve SEO. Based on the quality and relevancy of the backlinks pointing to the URL a rating is assigned, on 0 to 100 (logarithmic) scale. 外链锚文本 -分析锚文本，看看你的竞争对手如何优化他们的外链配置文件。. On top of that, you can also use Ahrefs to do keyword research for Google, YouTube, and even Amazon. DR. Don't forget to save 20% on annual billing. You can use Ahrefs’ Site Explorer to quickly find the keywords with featured snippets where your website is ranking in the top10:Keyword database update + improving search traffic estimations. A notable one is Ahrefs Webmaster Tools, which allows you to check SEO performance for the sites you own. Pick pricing plan which fits for your needs best. You’re too close to your work for that. Our company’s SEO strategy is fully based on Ahrefs’ tools and tutorials. With Ahrefs, you can perform a variety of tasks such as competitor analysis, keyword research, and content optimization. 被リンク・アンカー テキスト — アンカーテキストを分析し、競合他社が被リンクプロフィールをどのように最適化しているか確認しましょう. UR is a measure of an individual page’s backlink profile on a 100-point scale. Additionally, DR does not take into consideration the. URL Rating (UR) shows the strength of a page's link profile on a 100-point scale. Ahrefs is a leading SEO platform, widely recognized for analyzing backlinks and providing data-driven insights. Increase your domain`s AHREFS DR to up to 60 & Homepage UR 70+ and dominate the SERPS ! We`ll do white HAT SEO and increase your website AHREF DR & UR in just 30 to 60 days, Guaranteed Increasing AHREFS SCORE gives your website the help it needs, gain a higher Rank In Google and especially in BING. Large image files. 使用 HTTP 标头重定向跟踪器. UR là chỉ số Ahrefs dùng để đo sức mạnh của hồ sơ backlink cho một URL nhất định và khả năng nó có thứ hạng cao trên kết quả tìm kiếm. 1. R. With the Backlinks report in Ahrefs’ Site Explorer,. It allows to analyze the link profile quality leading to the indicated website. You can be a little more “aggressive” by offering a “carrot”—perhaps a PDF of the post or a free email course. DR is a measure of the quantity and quality of the backlinks going to an entire domain, while UR rates the backlinks going to a specific page. Ahrefs will start tracking data and will send you regular updates. When a domain's DR is higher, more "link juice" is transferred to linked domains. Ahrefs keyword tools offer fewer features, as the keyword research tool consists of two main features: Keyword Explorer. User-friendly Interface: Ahrefs user interface is designed with ease of use in mind. 200k+ SEO professionals across the world use it in their daily work. We have two core ways to track keywords to suit most budgets and businesses: Free keyword rank checker – A quick way to spot-check your keyword rankings for free. Get detailed reports on all your SEO issues and. After using Ahrefs for 3 years, I can't imagine my work life without it. Why did my Ahrefs Rank drop if I haven’t lost any links? My website is gaining organic keywords, but losing search traffic. UR = URL Ratingคือคะแนนของ URL นั้นๆ โดย. 1, Ahrefs bot is No. Benefits / Advantages of my service: > do-follow high-quality back-linksBasic increase Ahrefs url rating 50+. To help you make the most out of your Ahrefs subscription, we asked 97 marketers to give us their best tips for using the tool. Ahrefs will then analyze the webpage and display various SEO metrics, including the URL Rating (UR). Ahrefs offers subscription packages for any budget. It runs on a scale from zero to a hundred. Ahrefs’ Paragraph Rewriter can be beneficial for content creators, editors, or writers who need to enhance or refine their written content. It’s called URL Rating (UR), and it is calculated in a fairly similar fashion to the original PageRank. NEW: URL Rating (UR) in Content Explorer 📈 Content Explorer now features the UR metric: 🎯 In the main report 🎯 As a trends chart in the history…In this video I do a very unscientific comparison of DA, DR and the Moz and aHrefs backlink crawlers. New project setup is easy. Why This Doesn’t Matter. | Through this gig I will enhance URL rating UR in Ahrefs to 77-80 within 25 days which helps your website to rank. What is UR in Ahrefs? UR, or URL Rating, is a metric used by Ahrefs to measure the strength of a specific URL's backlink profile. Ur definition: an ancient Sumerian city on the Euphrates, in S Iraq. HTML file. UR: URL rating shows the strength of a target page's backlink profile, from 0-100. Further investigate any with the label “Link lost : (”. UR in Ahrefs is a proprietary metric developed by Ahrefs, a popular SEO tool and analytics platform. Kamu bisa memilih ingin mendapatkan laporan harian, mingguan, atau bulanan. So it's possible with the power of | FiverrBacklink profile in Ahrefs. 100% genuine and white hat. Chỉ số UR càng cao thì website của bạn sẽ có khả năng được xếp hạng cao trên Google là càng lớn. com is defining the Domain rating and URL rating for each site based on its traffic and link building profile. Get ranking updates for desktop and mobile. Nếu bạn sử dụng Ahrefs nhiều hơn 30 giây, bạn sẽ nhận thấy rằng công cụ này chứa rất nhiều điều khoản và số liệu. Table of contents. The stronger that your backlink profile is, the. You have a better chance of | FiverrAhrefs defines UR as “the strength of a target page’s link profile on a 100-point scale. URL Rating (UR): It shows a ranking between 0-100 according to the backlink value of the pages referring to the query URL. We create online SEO tools and free educational materials for marketing professionals. 2 billion keywords in 243 countries. This value is between 0-100, with 100 being the highest value. The results you are provided are based on the Ahrefs crawl history. Ahrefs Metrics Explained. Discoverability – Search engines revisit popular pages more often than. Competing websites that score in the top 10 organic search results for the same terms drive the most traffic to your target. Analyze your own website and find out why you’re not getting more leads from it. Go through the process for each page by answering the yes/no questions. Under the data tab, there’s an option to insert a map. Ahrefs empowers users to uncover relevant keywords that resonate with their target audience. Got that? Good. Hier sind sie: 1. The city is famous for its biblical associations and as an ancient trade center. Keyword…What is DR and UR in Ahrefs? Domain Rating (DR) and URL Rating (UR) are the metrics Ahrefs uses to rate the backlink profile of a website. Also called domain authority, this is a search engine ranking score. In their blog post announcing the change, they show the difference in DR levels as shown below:. 0 became the default view for Ahrefs’ Site Explorer. Ahrefs is an all-in-one SEO toolset designed to help optimize websites and grow search traffic. We at Ahrefs use the Domain Rating (DR) metric to measure an overall website authority. But it's a pain to manually select based on DA and then go check ahrefs one by one. It would be very helpful to see a graph for UR change over time. That’s because Overview 2. What is UR? Domain Rating (DR) and URL Rating (UR) are the measurements Ahrefs uses to rate the backlink profile of a site. Ahrefs is clearly the winner here by a huge margin – a much larger margin than my initial test with just 3 domains highlighted. I also got access to the UR(URL Rating) and DR(Domain rating). This. Ahrefs: Humble Beginnings and A Sneak Peek To the Past. Backlink nên được đặt ở những trang có chỉ số UR cao bởi những liên. Overview 2. Chỉ số ahrefs rank càng thấp, xếp hạng ước tính từ lưu lượng truy cập trên website của bạn càng cao. FAQs & Troubleshooting. Start using our free Website Checker now! Sign up for Ahrefs Webmaster Tools and start improving your website today. In the below example, the target URL is ahrefs. Whether you are analyzing your own list of keywords or looking at the suggestions in Keywords Explorer, our Keyword Difficulty metric shows you the opportunities you can easily rank for. Còn bây giờ, sẽ vào phần chính về cách sử dụng acc Ahrefs, khi ae đã có tài khoản để sử dụng. Ví dụ trong hình là chỉ số của website SEONGON. For every top-ranking page, we. Broken link building. Domains that are less “popular” (ie. Ahrefs – this is the most popular tool in the SEO industry, helping you analyze reviews, report website situation from visitor report statistics, backlinks,. The data is retrieved from the internet and refreshed every 15–30 minutes. Important notes: UR is a page-level metric, whereas DR is a domain-level metric. Ahrefs does not report to Google. 1. Additionally, DR does not take into consideration the. Dmitry Gerasimenko là CEO và Founder của Ahrefs nói vào ngày 24, tháng 2, 2017 rằng, bọ tìm kiếm của chúng tôi đã có tốc độ thu thập nhanh gần gấp đôi, lúc ấy là 6 tỷ trang và dự kiến còn lên đến 8. We have two core ways to track keywords to suit most budgets and businesses: Free keyword rank checker – A quick way to spot-check your keyword rankings for free. Internal backlinks 206 M Domains 35 T External backlinks (historical records) See domain and page-level metrics for any target Check any website, URL or subsection to see. NEW: URL Rating 2. For websites that are in more competitive niches:AhrefsTo recap, what we do at Ahrefs is take all the sites we know about and remove many spam and inactive domains, then add some for subdomains on sites like blogspot. Depending on the DR checker you are using, such as the Ahrefs domain rating checker, the score of the typical domain authority falls somewhere between 1 and 100. URL Rating (UR) URL Rating – UR stands for the strength/reputation of a target URL with a scale of 1 to 100, UR index is based on the quality and reputation of the backlink pointing. We increasing URL rating with the safe method white hat method. Updated over a week ago. Tính toán kết hợp chất lượng và số lượng những liên kết đang trỏ đến trang đó trên Ahrefs. When you will analyse the complete domain, this seo analysis tool will display the URL Rating for the main page. ” Next we have the DR. Traffic Value. This improves the quality of the search engine. In most cases, this will be a straightforward issue where you blocked crawling in your robots. ) are in relation to the referring domains. Ahrefs does not report to Google. This is arguably the best method because Google Search Console alerts you to sitemap errors in the future. when increase your DR, it will help for rank your website. UR 2. Sidenote. With Ahrefs SEO tool, you can analyze your site on many issues such as backlink checker, keyword research, link building, competitor analysis and site audit. The above screenshots indicate these websites are all in the top million based on AHREF’s. Email discovery tools provide perhaps the easiest way to find an email address. I don’t use ahrefs. Ahrefs Rank: Ranking website versi Ahrefs; UR: UR atau URL Rating merupakan rating dari URL atau suatu halaman website . Keep running through the process above to continually increase your website authority and improve SEO. Only counts unique organic keywords. See all keyword rankings for any website or web page. To summarise: Ahrefs Rank – Relative rank of the website based on the size and quality of its backlink profileAhrefs has the world’s largest index of live backlinks. It is a score that ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a stronger backlink profile. If you are looking to increase your website domain rating DR ahrefs up to 70 plus and ahrefs ur rating up to 80 plus then you are in right place. com. [toc] Ahrefs is the best backlink test and website analytics tool that SEOs love to use today. 3. UR trên Ahrefs là từ viết tắt của URL Rating – chỉ số đo lường sức mạnh của một liên kết cụ thể và đánh giá khả năng xếp hạng của chính liên kết đó trên Google. Ahrefs remains one of the widely used tools in achieving optimal SEO results. 1. By Patrick Stox Reviewed by Joshua Hardwick. Important notes: UR is a page-level metric, whereas DR is a domain-level metric. Go to the Performance report. NOTE: This gig only increase UR metric of Ahrefs nothing else, also no report after an order is included. They report on those links and update the numbers regularly. URL Rating (UR) is a metric that shows how strong a backlink profile of a target URL is on a scale from 1 to 100. 2%) backlinks coming to the Target URL has a UR of 10-19, and 1,107 (or 0. Ahrefs API enables using our backlinks data in your applications. Here’s a quick way to get a sense of your site’s CWV performance: Get a free Ahrefs Webmaster Tools (AWT) account. Further investigate any with the label “Link lost : (”. 2. credit to search a domain, credit to search within that result, change CPC = credit, find a KW = credit. Domain Rating (DR) is an Ahrefs metric that shows the relative strength of a website’s backlink profile. 1. Ahrefs’ Problems: Top 10 (not the top spot): The Ahrefs KD suggests the difficulty to get ranked in the top 10 spots. Give your list a relevant name, for e. Important notes: UR is a page-level metric, whereas DR. Updated over a week ago. Let’s look at the options. Ahrefs shows you the complete picture of followed vs nofollowed links for any target. He has been involved in product marketing at various SaaS companies for more than seven years, specializing in content marketing and short-form video. In the Backlinks report, we list all pages linking to your website or URL (inbound links). UR or URL rating is in direct correlation with Google rankings and pages with high UR usually get better rankings in search engines. original or earliest: . In this gig, I will create your website UR rating or URL rating up to 50 plus on the ahrefs tool with before and after screenshots as proof. The lower the better. When you purchase an annual plan, you save 20%. 0 is still in beta. DR este Ratingul domeniului și este aproape la fel ca UR, dar este numărat la nivel de domeniu. Managing your account; upgrading, downgrading and cancellations; payment methods, invoices, VAT and billing cycles. AHREFS has a cleaner, clearer interface that is easier to understand. Vastly greater coverage (across all countries) We now update our keyword database every month and add hundreds of millions of new keywords with each update. Hi, my UR metrics in ahrefs is so low, only 9 and my DR 38. Both internal links and external links are also taken into account but they’re weighted differently. Raquel Rozene Vallespin. The calculated UR value in Ahrefs is accurate for a variety of reasons, the most prominent of which being that the “nofollow” html attribute is considered. If you think you can add more links. Your individual page and your DR is your entire domain, from here you can see that DR. ) 2. Single Site. ️ Domain rating. NOTE: This service only increase UR metric of ahrefs nothing else ,also no report after order is included URL Rating (UR) shows the strength of a page's link profile on a 100-point scale. Serta apakah. This use case helps bloggers overcome writer's block, explore new topics, and. Let's increase your SERP. They are winning on ~76% of domains compared to Majestic SEO’s ~24%. Its free features include: On-page SEO report. I will help you to boost your site url 80 plus guaranteed. These metrics along with the corresponding graphs are pulled from different tools within Ahrefs to give you an overall idea of your projects' performance. It does not buy data from Google. The generally accepted SEO tool metrics that are considered “good” depend on the niche, but for local websites, the following numbers are often cited by SEOs as acceptable: Ahrefs – DR of 20+. See how much traffic your competitors are getting. So even if you already have a link from elsewhere on a domain, it’s still totally worth pursuing an unlinked mention on a high-authority (i. Credit system is awful. In the Wins by Subnets test, Ahrefs is also the clear winner finding 306%. Click “Submit”. I’ve started using the free ahrefs for checking out my page traffic, keywords, and trends in my rankings but I’m curious if I’m really just missing out on everything the paid version offers. Wenn du noch keine Erfahrung mit SEO Tools wie Ahrefs hast, habe ich 11 einfache und praktische Anwendungsfälle ausgewählt, die du sofort ausprobieren kannst und von denen du sofort profitierst. URL rating is a metric developed to score the strength of a specific URL. AHREFS Rank is what AHREFs use to gauge the quality of websites and where they rank in their database relative to the size and quality of their backlink profiles and DR. Ahrefs is one of the most powerful SEO tools on the market. The “Traffic Worth” indicator from Ahrefs is a rank tracker that measures a website’s organic traffic value in dollars. As an agency, Pearl Lemon has been making use of AHREFS for a long time, and daily. Some of the key features of Ahrefs backlink analysis are the UR and DR. Ahrefs is a software company that develops online SEO tools and free educational materials for marketing professionals. However, Moz scores DA using factors such as the linking root domains, the number and quality of. You are ripping people off. Click “Sitemaps” on the left menu. 0 reports, UR is calculated with new algorithms which will evolve and improve over time. This is based on statistics from Google Ads’ cost-per-click (CPC). The same way to the new DR graph, but at a URL level. Ahrefs is an SEO software suite that contains tools for link building, keyword research, competitor analysis, rank tracking and site audits. It promotes your business,. But thanks to many of you, we’ve come to realize that this update actually caused a decrease in search traffic estimations for many websites. UR –URL Rating is the same idea but focused on just the webpage (the URL). Majestic – TF of 20+, with a TF/CF ratio of at least 1/2. But the fact is that in 2020 AHREFS has come a long way from its beginnings, which were as a simple backlink tool, and has become one of the very best tools you can have in your SEO arsenal, as we hope to show you in this guide to AHREFS. Ahrefs’ Domain Rating (DR) is an indicator of a domain’s traffic-generating potential, as it takes into account both its backlinks and the number of referring domains. The UR of this very page that you’re reading is 30, and it has backlinks from over a thousand different websites (ref. which can help your website to rank. It shows the strength of a page’s link profile on a 100-point scale. 2. 0 🔥 Our popular UR metric is back and better! Use it to gauge the backlink strength of a page with ease 💪 🧪 UR 2. Standard increase Ahrefs url rating 60+. SIDENOTE. Learn Difference Between DA And PA, Moz Metrics and Difference Between DR And UR, Ahrefs Metrics explained in hindi 2020. Compared to the DA metric from. Overview 2.